解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) genes, which encode cell-surface receptors that modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, lay within a genomic region of human and mouse chromosome 1 that confers a predisposition for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we demo...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00225
更新日期:2013-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::The classical model of cytokine signaling dominates our view of specific gene activation by cytokines such as the interferons (IFNs). The importance of the model extends beyond cytokines and applies to hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin, and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibrob...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00202
更新日期:2013-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Effective immunity requires that a limited TCR repertoire is able to recognize a vast number of foreign peptide-MHCI (peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I) molecules. This challenge is overcome by the ability of individual TCRs to recognize large numbers of peptides. Recently, it was demonstrated that MHCI...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00199
更新日期:2013-07-23 00:00:00
abstract::Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are quiescent cells with self-renewal capacity and the ability to generate all mature blood cells. HSCs normally reside in specialized niches in the bone marrow that help maintain their quiescence and long-term repopulating activity. There is emerging evidence that certain cytokines ind...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00204
更新日期:2013-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::Chemokines and their cognate receptors have been identified as major factors initiating and governing cell movement and interaction. These ligands and their receptors are expressed on a wide variety of cells and act during steady-state migration as well as inflammatory recruitment. CCR6 is a non-promiscuous chemokine ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00194
更新日期:2013-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::The T lymphocyte response initiates with the recognition of MHC/peptides on antigen presenting cells by the T cell receptor (TCR). After the TCR engagement, the proximal signaling pathways are activated for downstream cellular events. Among these pathways, the calcium-signaling flux is activated through the depletion ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00179
更新日期:2013-07-04 00:00:00
abstract::Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. GVHD is characterized by an imbalance between the effector and regulatory arms of the immune system which results in the over production of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, there is a persistent reduction...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00163
更新日期:2013-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential to the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. There are two major subsets of Treg cells, "natural" Treg (nTreg) cells that develop in the thymus, and "induced" Treg (iTreg) cells that arise in the periphery from CD4(+) Foxp3(-) conventional...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00152
更新日期:2013-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::The remarkable clinical efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis points at the critical involvement of B cells in the disease. However, the exact pathogenic contribution of B cells is poorly understood. In this publication we review new data on the role of CD20+ B cel...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00145
更新日期:2013-06-13 00:00:00
abstract::Immune aging is best known for its immune defects that increase susceptibility to infections and reduce adaptive immune responses to vaccination. In parallel, the aged immune system is prone to autoimmune responses and many autoimmune diseases increase in incidence with age or are even preferentially encountered in th...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00131
更新日期:2013-06-04 00:00:00
abstract::Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor that is a humoral component of the innate immune system. It interacts with pathogenic moieties, infected and dying host cells and facilitates their removal through activation of appropriate innate and adaptive mechanisms. PTX3 is secreted by a diverse variet...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00127
更新日期:2013-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::Transcriptional activation and repression of genes that are developmentally regulated or exhibit cell-type specific expression patterns is largely achieved by modifying the chromatin template at a gene locus. Complex formation of stable epigenetic histone marks, loss or gain of DNA methylation, alterations in chromoso...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00112
更新日期:2013-05-16 00:00:00
abstract::Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) work through silencing of differentiated antigen-specific T cells, activation and expansion of naturally occurring T regulatory cells (Tregs), transfer of regulatory properties to T cells, and the differentiation of naïve T cells into Tregs. Due to an operational definition based on T...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00113
更新日期:2013-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Our immune system bears the tremendous task of mounting effective anti-microbial responses whilst maintaining immunoregulatory functions to avoid autoimmunity. In order to quickly respond to pathogens, Dendritic cells (DC) are armed with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), allowing them to recognize highly conserved...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00094
更新日期:2013-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Adenosine, a purine nucleoside generated by the dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides, is a potent endogenous physiologic and pharmacologic regulator of many functions. Adenosine was first reported to inhibit the inflammatory actions of neutrophils nearly 30 years ago and since then the role of adenosine and its re...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00085
更新日期:2013-04-08 00:00:00
abstract::Of all the microbial infections relevant to mammals the relationship between parasitic worms and what constitutes and regulates a host protective immune response is perhaps the most complex and evolved. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is a tissue migrating parasitic roundworm of rodents that exemplifies many of the salie...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00074
更新日期:2013-03-20 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is assumed to be an autoimmune disease initiated by autoreactive T cells that recognize central nervous system antigens. Although adaptive immunity is clearly involved in MS pathogenesis, innate immunity increasingly appears to be implicated in the disease. We and others have presented evidence...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00063
更新日期:2013-03-13 00:00:00
abstract::The innate immune system plays a critical early role in host defense against viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. Until recently, natural killer (NK) cells and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells were the primary members of the innate lymphocyte family: NK cells form the front-line interface between the external enviro...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00022
更新日期:2013-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-22 are key members of the IL-10 cytokine family that share characteristic properties such as defined structural features, usage of IL-10R2 as one receptor chain, and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 as dominant signaling mode. IL-10, formerly known as c...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00018
更新日期:2013-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Responsiveness of maturing natural killer (NK) cells to chemotactic molecules directly affect their retention and relocation in selected bone marrow (BM) microenvironment during development, as well as their localization at sites of immune response during inflammatory diseases. BM is the main site of NK cell generatio...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00012
更新日期:2013-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::Endometriosis, a common cause of pelvic pain and female infertility, depends on the growth of vascularized endometrial tissue at ectopic sites. Endometrial fragments reach the peritoneal cavity during the fertile years: local cues decide whether they yield endometriotic lesions. Macrophages are recruited at sites of h...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00009
更新日期:2013-01-28 00:00:00
abstract::A central objective in organ transplantation and the treatment or prevention of autoimmune disease is the achievement of antigen-specific immune tolerance. An additional challenge in bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of hematological malignancies is the prevention of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) while main...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00006
更新日期:2013-01-24 00:00:00
abstract::The complement anaphylatoxin, C5a, through binding to its receptors (C5aR or C5L2), has important biological properties for recruitment and activation of phagocytes. C5a has been identified as a powerful modulator of Toll-like receptor-induced cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages. Both the complement syste...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00387
更新日期:2013-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::Natural antibodies (NAbs) are pre-existing antibodies with germline origin that arise in the absence of previous exposure to foreign antigens. NAbs are produced by B-1 lymphocytes and are primarily of the IgM isotype. There is accumulating evidence that - in addition to their role in antimicrobial host defense - NAbs ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00415
更新日期:2013-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the containment of HIV replication during primary infection, though their functions are impaired during chronic HIV infection. Infants experience more rapid HIV disease progression than adults, but contributions of infant NK cells to containing HIV infection are unkn...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00399
更新日期:2012-12-31 00:00:00
abstract::The VH replacement process is a RAG-mediated secondary recombination in which the variable region of a rearranged VHDJH is replaced by a different germline VH gene. In almost all human and mouse VH genes, two sequence features appear to be crucial for VH replacement. First, an embedded heptamer, which is located near ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00392
更新日期:2012-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes are essential for the interactions between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes that result in adaptive immune responses that protect the host against invading pathogens. The specialized architecture of these organs facilitates the cognate interactions between antigen...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00381
更新日期:2012-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::Cell signaling is an essential requirement for mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Depending on the parasite strain and the parasite developmental form, distinct signaling pathways may be induced. In this short review, we focus on the data coming from studies with metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00361
更新日期:2012-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::The last decade has seen much progress in adjunctive cell therapy for immune disorders. Both corporate and institutional Phase III studies have been run using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) for treatment of Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD), and product approval has been achieved for treatment of pediatric GvHD in Can...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00345
更新日期:2012-11-27 00:00:00
abstract::Attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV) vectors are considered prime vaccine candidates for use in immunotherapy of infectious disease. In spite of this, recent data show that the level of attenuation may hamper the efficient generation of protective CD8 T cells. This suggests that additional adjuvant-like activities may nee...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00332
更新日期:2012-11-08 00:00:00
abstract::Because Peyer's patches (PP) are the main inductive sites for gut IgA responses we have focused this review on what we know about the function of PP germinal centers (GC). The vast majority of IgA gene sequences in the gut lamina propria (LP) are heavily mutated arguing for an origin in GC. Because PP GC formation is ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00329
更新日期:2012-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Chagas disease, which was once thought to be confined to endemic regions of Latin America, has now gone global becoming a new worldwide challenge. For more than a century since its discovery, it has remained neglected with no effective drugs or vaccines. The mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi regulates and uses the...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00337
更新日期:2012-11-06 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammation plays vital roles in protective responses against pathogens and tissue repair, however, improper resolution of inflammatory networks is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic diseases. Extensive advances have been made in recent years to define the inflammatory processes that are...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00315
更新日期:2012-10-09 00:00:00
abstract::Studies in the recent years have advanced the knowledge of how host and parasite factors contribute to the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Polymorphism within populations of Leishmania from the same species has been documented; indicating that infection with different strains may lead to distinct clin...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00301
更新日期:2012-10-04 00:00:00
abstract::Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are under investigation as a therapy for a variety of disorders. Although animal models show long term regenerative and immunomodulatory effects of MSC, the fate of MSC after infusion remains to be elucidated. In the present study the localization and viability of MSC was examined by isola...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00297
更新日期:2012-09-26 00:00:00
abstract::During hypoxia, cells undergo transcriptional changes to adjust to metabolic stress, to promote cell survival, and to induce pro-angiogenic factors. Hypoxia-induced factors (HIFs) regulate these transcriptional alterations. Failure to restore oxygen levels results in cell death by necrosis. IL-1α is one of the most im...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00290
更新日期:2012-09-14 00:00:00
abstract::In this review we discuss how the competition for cytokines between different cells of the immune system can shape the system wide immune response. We focus on interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion by activated effector T cells (T(eff)) and on the competition for IL-2 consumption between T(eff) and regulatory T cells (T(reg)...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00268
更新日期:2012-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide the microenvironment required for the development of T cells in the thymus. A unique property of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is their expression of a wide range of tissue-restricted self-antigens, critically regulated by the nuclear protein AIRE, which contributes t...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00278
更新日期:2012-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Protein kinase C isoform θ (PKCθ) is a key modulator of TCR signaling and mediates activation of NF-κB, NF-AT, and AP-1 transcription factors. Although in vitro studies of PKCθ(-/-) T cells have shown impaired activation responses, in vivo studies indicate that PKCθ requirement is not universal. While PKCθ is importan...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00259
更新日期:2012-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by its prototypic ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), mediates potent suppression of T-cell dependent immune responses. The suppressive effects of TCDD occur early during CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in the absence of effects on proliferation and have ...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00223
更新日期:2012-08-06 00:00:00